The Costs of Espionage
States spend a lot of time worrying about spies, and a lot of money trying to protect themselves from espionage. They construct multilayered personnel policies to keep untrustworthy individuals from government jobs that involve handling classified information. They invest heavily in complex information systems to block access to sensitive communications.
Beyond Breaches: The Spectrum of Costs from Espionage and Pre-Positioning
What are the costs of cyber espionage? And how do they differ from those of operations designed to prepare for attack?
Creating and Implementing a Liability Regime for Software Vendors
Insecure software is a national security risk, costs the U.S. billions of dollars annually, and exposes users’ information to malicious actors. Software developers (vendors) who fail to securely develop their products currently face few legal repercussions, even if they engage in industry-agreed bad practices.
Primer on the Costs of Cyber Espionage
Cyber espionage is the use of cyber tools and techniques to gather intelligence or steal sensitive information from targeted entities. This form of espionage poses significant risks to national security, economic stability and corporate integrity. Given the complex and often hidden nature of cyber espionage activities, accurately measuring their costs presents a significant challenge.
State-sponsored cyber attacks and co-movements in stock market returns: evidence from US cybersecurity defense contractors
As cyber threats become increasingly central to international politics, state-sponsored cyber attacks have become an instrument of geopolitical leverage.
Mythical Beasts and Where to Find Them
The Mythical Beasts project addresses this meaningful gap in contemporary public analysis on spyware proliferation, pulling back the curtain on the connections between 435 entities across forty-two countries in the global spyware market. These vendors exist in a web of relationships with investors, holding companies, partners, and individuals often domiciled in different jurisdictions.
Markets Matter - A Glance into the Spyware Industry
The Intellexa Consortium, a complex web of holding companies and vendors for spyware and related services, have been the subject of recent, extensive sanctions by the US Department of the Treasury and the focus of reporting by the European Investigative Collaborations among others. The Consortium represents a compelling example of spyware vendors in the context of the market in which they operate—one which helps facilitate the commercial sale of software driving both human rights and national security risk. This paper addresses an international policy effort among US partners and allies, led by the French and British governments, as well as a surge of US policy attention to address the proliferation of this spyware.